government: federal parliamentary republic

state of civil and political rights: Free

constitution: 23 May 1949, adopted by a united Germany on 3 October 1990; amended many times, last in 2020

legal system: civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

legislative system: bicameral Parliament (Parlament) consists of Federal Council (Bundesrat) and Federal Diet (Bundestag)

judicial system: Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges, including the court president, vice presidents, presiding judges, other judges and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels); Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members); Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 federated states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts; two English-speaking commercial courts opened in late 2020 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg - English-speaking Stuttgart Commercial Court and English-speaking Mannheim Commercial Court

religion: Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 23.7%, Muslim 3.6%, other 4.8%, none 41.9% (2021 est.)

death row:

year of last executions: 0-0-0

death sentences: 0

executions: 0