government: parliamentary republic

state of civil and political rights: Free

constitution: 17 October 1997; amended 2006, 2009

legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

legislative system: bicameral National Assembly consists of the Sejm and the Senate (Senat)

judicial system: Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the first president of the Supreme Court and 120 justices organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and extraordinary appeals and public affairs and disciplinary chambers); Constitutional Tribunal (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president); administrative courts; military courts; local, regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts

religion: Catholic 85% (includes Roman Catholic 84.8% and other Catholic 0.3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentecostal), other 0.3% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Church of Jesus Christ), unspecified 12.9% (2020 est.)

death row:

year of last executions: 0-0-0

death sentences: 0

executions: 0